Climate Indigenous Australian Aboriginals †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Climate Indigenous Australian Aboriginals? Answer: Introducation Globally, the climatic change has been regarded as the outrageous policy crisis. The Indigenous Aboriginal people have been surviving on the Australian continent for centuries. According to The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes Third Assessment Report (TAR), the aboriginals are one of the most potential communities who will be directly affected by the climate change[1]. It raises challenges and risks for their culture, resources and lands. accounting to many global academics and natural scientist, the climatic change is largely induced by human activities. Tribal activities like tress cutting and burning, deforestations and burning grasslands at large scales are facilitating the impact of climate change in a higher degree. The global agents and institutions has lately shown concerns and addressed the issue of the current climatic transformation debate with its stressing on the immediate action is shocking simply in the time span the questions have been raised in Australia now. In 1996, the very first report was published by the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment addressing the climate concern within Australia. The report of Australia: State of the Environment 1996, states that the environment and its natural resources should be managed that will enable its ecological sustainability[2]. The report is an example of essential source of environmental information about Australian climatic changing issue and the basic challenge is to utilize the available knowledge information for the use of societal betterment and suitability of the ecosystem. Despite mainstream engagement and concerns about addressing the climatic change and related policy in Australia the Indigenous Aboriginals role and involvement is negligible[3]. They do not possess any long-term engagement with government and community policy or reformation regarding the rising issue of climatic change. In the current situation, the Aboriginals of Australia are in front of extreme existing challenges due to rising concerns of climatic change. The main areas of concerns are- poor health facilities, unemployment and illiteracy, low levels of income, poor and inadequate infrastructure for communal development. The climatic change and its impact will facilitate in worsen the current and existing issues and challenges faced by the aboriginals. Aim of the Research In the Part I of this paper, the author will begin with identifying and recognizing the vulnerability of Indigenous Australian Aboriginal and emphasising the significance of climatic stability for the sustainability of the Australian Aboriginals. The research will highlight the vulnerability of Australian Aboriginals to the climatic change due to the geographic distribution of settlement of the tribal population and the vastness of the Indigenous-owned estate within the continent. People living in interiors of Indigenous-owned estate generally face more hardship in everyday life due to the nature of Indigenous hybrid economies and lack of proper economic setup[4]. Also, the positive aspect of the challenge is that more than 20% of the total land area of the Australian continent is under the control of under land rights and native title laws where the Aboriginal Australians enjoy special control over the land[5]. In the Part II of this thesis will study the evolution of the Indigenous Australian Aboriginal rights in the international arena. In the year 1963, the Yirrkala people presented the bark petition in-front of the House of Representatives which first initiated the question and discussion of Australias Aboriginal land rights[6]. The primary question was about the legal obligations that the English Common Law had towards respecting the Aboriginals who are occupying the land for centuries. In 1978, the NSW Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly upon Aborigines which is also known as the Keane Committee was established, that directly lead to the passing of the landmark Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (ALRA) by the NSW Parliament[7]. According to this land right legislation, that Land is of spiritual, social, cultural, and economic importance to Aboriginal peoples and that the decisions of past Governments have progressively reduced the amount of Aboriginal land without compensation[8 ]. The basic aim of this legislative was to return the Crown land to the Aboriginals of Australia to decompensate the disadvantage of that the Indigenous community is facing. As a result, the ALRA also setup an association of democratically elected representatives of Aboriginal Land Councils so that land management can be done on an economical basis and a legal account of compensatory duty to fund their operations. The study details the emerging shortcomings in the implementation of the legislative of ALR Act 1983. There are mainly two legal processes by which the Aboriginal land rights can be achieved. They are- the legislative process or by the common law that has been developed by judges. Although neither of the legal processes has been effective in accomplishing the Aboriginal land rights. Literature Review The climate change and its effect on the human race are expanding every day. The people who will be mostly affected by the climatic change will be the indigenous aboriginal population with foremost effects on the indigenous natural and cultural landscapes. On a recent study it has been observed by that as the sea level rises it will be affecting thousands of Aboriginal habitats and archaeological sites residing in the coastal regions[9]. In the past twenty-five years there has have been a lot of dialogue and debates engaging the Aboriginal Land rights in Australia but I reality there have been little consequences on the actual critical situation. The Aboriginal Land Rights is not a contemporary or new idea in Australia rather it was first proposed by a Christian philanthropist and the Aboriginal Protection Society in Australia from the early nineteenth century[10]. The first Aboriginals Land Rights were donated by the British Government in early 1830s with the instruction of local governor. Therefore, the land reserves were established and rights to use and possession of the Crown land was identified and social welfare and education was given as a form of compensation[11]. A recent initiative was taken by the James Cook University for the study of climate change conservations on two indigenous aboriginal communities in the northern Queensland. The study was conducted among the two-distinctive aboriginal community, the Injinoo and Girringun communities[12]. The basic aim of the project was to identify people of aboriginal community valued in the ecosystem and management. What are the changes that have been observed in the environment and lastly scientifically predicting the climatic changes in the geographical area? In the study, it was found that indigenous people identify climatic and environmental changes through oral history unlike factual affirmation of past events.Although most of the elderly population of the Aboriginal community believes that they are helpless and should be facing climatic change and its effects because they have little to no influence over the developed nations activities. The recent boom in the mining industry and activities in the protected land for Aboriginals are also affecting the ecosystem and the environment[13]. Mining in the Aboriginals land is controlled by the Mining Act (NT) and Part IV of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976[14], which was last amended in the year 1987. Mining is one of the major industries in Australian economy which contributes more than a billion Australian dollars a year. Unfortunately, most of these mining lands are situated at the land of Indigenous Aboriginals of Australian northern part which gives serious concerns about the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976[15]. Fortunately, the Aboriginal Land Rights Act offers safety and protection to the land owned by Indigenous people and facilitates the Land Council to create agreements with mining business organizations which assure to safeguard the interests of the Aboriginal land owners. Methodology: The study requires a complex range of data collection techniques for the requirement of the research project. The research related sources will be collected from secondary data like archival resources, ethnographic practice, resources from new oral histories and utilizing the existing ones. Secondary data is a set of quantitative data which has already been collected and composed by someone else for a distinct purpose[16]. By utilizing content analysis, the author will critically analyse the various regulations. The study will be based on theoretical framework which will include a positivist doctrinal approach.The study is an interdisciplinary approach as it includes analysis on the field of law, environmental science and management. The research will analyse the cases that has been original officially recognised decisions have been subject to appeal. A further analysis will be done into the nature of environmental threats and challenges their possibility and solutions within the doc trine of sovereign immunity from suit will follow under this doctrinal approach. A follow-up research study is necessary for the interdisciplinary methodology that appears ahead of the legal discipline. In a interdisciplinary research study, the scope for greater space for the applying the concept to specific segment of social life investigating the functionality of legislative policies in society. To develop a novel approach to the legislative principles of Australian Aboriginal Land protection policies, the study will consider recommendations and solutions within the legal structure for the betterment of Aboriginals. Therefore, it can be hoped that the resultant and the solution which is effective will be applied for the amendment of the legislative policies in the Aboriginal Land Rights Act. References Altman, J. (2010). What future for remote Indigenous Australia? Economic hybridity and the neoliberal turn.Culture crisis: Anthropology and politics in Aboriginal Australia, 259-280. Bayon, R., Carroll, N., Fox, J. (2012).Conservation and biodiversity banking: a guide to setting up and running biodiversity credit trading systems. Earthscan. Behrendt, L. (2003).Achieving social justice: Indigenous rights and Australia's future. Federation Press. Evans, J., Grimshaw, P., Phillips, D., Swain, S. (2010).Equal subjects, unequal rights: Indigenous people in British settler colonies, 1830-1910. Manchester University Press. Farbotko, C. (2010). "Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 51(1): 47-60. Goodall, H. (2008).Invasion to embassy: land in Aboriginal politics in New South Wales, 1770-1972. Sydney University Press. Green, D. L. (2006).Climate change and healthcare: impacts on remote Indigenous communities in northern Australia. Aspendale: CSIRO. Green, D., Jackson, S., Morrison, J. (2009).Risks from climate change to indigenous communities in the tropical north of Australia. Department of Climate Change, Commonwealth of Australia. Johnson, M. C. (2016).The Land is Our History: Indigeneity, Law, and the Settler State. Oxford University Press. Lester, A., Dussart, F. (2014).Colonization and the origins of humanitarian governance: protecting Aborigines across the nineteenth-century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. Mitchell, J., Curthoys, A. (2010). 8. How different was Victoria? Aboriginal protectionin a comparative context.Journal of Australian Studies,34(3), 257-273. Nix, H., Mackey, B., Traill, B., Woinarski, J. (2013).The nature of Northern Australia: its natural values, ecological processes and future prospects(p. 127). ANU Press. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Russell-Smith, J., Cook, G. D., Cooke, P. M., Edwards, A. C., Lendrum, M., Meyer, C. P., Whitehead, P. J. (2013). Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas: applying Aboriginal approaches to contemporary global problems.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(s1). Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976. (2017).Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976.https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au. Retrieved 14 September 2017, from https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nt7_doc_1976.pdf McHugh, P. G. (2011).Aboriginal title: The modern jurisprudence of tribal land rights. Oxford University Press. [1]Goodall, H. (2008).Invasion to embassy: land in Aboriginal politics in New South Wales, 1770-1972. Sydney University Press. [2]Behrendt, L. (2003).Achieving social justice: Indigenous rights and Australia's future. Federation Press. [3]Green, D. L. (2006).Climate change and health: impacts on remote Indigenous communities in northern Australia. Aspendale: CSIRO. [4]Nix, H., Mackey, B., Traill, B., Woinarski, J. (2013).The nature of Northern Australia: its natural values, ecological processes and future prospects(p. 127). ANU Press. [5]Bayon, R., Carroll, N., Fox, J. (2012).Conservation and biodiversity banking: a guide to setting up and running biodiversity credit trading systems. Earthscan. [6]Johnson, M. C. (2016).The Land is Our History: Indigeneity, Law, and the Settler State. Oxford University Press. [7]Evans, J., Grimshaw, P., Phillips, D., Swain, S. (2010).Equal subjects, unequal rights: Indigenous people in British settler colonies, 1830-1910. Manchester University Press. [8]Mitchell, J., Curthoys, A. (2010). 8. How different was Victoria? Aboriginal protectionin a comparative context.Journal of Australian Studies,34(3), 257-273. [9]Green, D., Jackson, S., Morrison, J. (2009).Risks from climate change to indigenous communities in the tropical north of Australia. Department of Climate Change, Commonwealth of Australia. [10]Russell-Smith, J., Cook, G. D., Cooke, P. M., Edwards, A. C., Lendrum, M., Meyer, C. P., Whitehead, P. J. (2013). Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas: applying Aboriginal approaches to contemporary global problems.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(s1). [11]Lester, A., Dussart, F. (2014).Colonization and the origins of humanitarian governance: protecting Aborigines across the nineteenth-century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. [12]Farbotko, C. (2010). "Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 51(1): 47-60 [13]Altman, J. (2010). What future for remote Indigenous Australia? Economic hybridity and the neoliberal turn.Culture crisis: Anthropology and politics in Aboriginal Australia, 259-280. [14]McHugh, P. G. (2011).Aboriginal title: The modern jurisprudence of tribal land rights. Oxford University Press. [15]Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976. (2017).Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976.https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au. Retrieved 14 September 2017, from https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/nt7_doc_1976.pdf [16]Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.

john mayer by john mayer free essay sample

The soothing emotional words being said kind of blues and soft rock being let out in one big flow of words. The calming of the voice being heard the way it makes you reflect and relate to your life almost as if he can see what is going on in your life†¦ but he can’t. Its demonstrating that even famous musicians still go through normal people experiences the focus and love for the music he is playing how he gets emotional and in to his music at concerts or on a recording studio it’s all real. He incorporates his love life in his words and his everyday life and sets goals only he can achieve. Songs like â€Å"slow dancing in a burning room† or â€Å"I don’t trust myself with loving you† he’s explaining his emotions through songs and impressing the world with every song he writes. Who is this talented song writer? John Mayer of course. We will write a custom essay sample on john mayer by john mayer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Going on 37 years old on October 16th he still continues to pursue his music career. I think what everyone loves about him is his drive and the fact that he writes what he wants no one writes his music for him, and when he finally shows the world his new music there astonished with his words and sound cause no songs the same. If you ever experience a concert you will realize how he gets into his music and the words hit him emotionally and mentally. John Mayer is an inspiration to many people and helps keep get people going. So next time you’re looking for something soothing and heartfelt to listen to give him a try.

greenhouse gas effect essay Essays

greenhouse gas effect essay Essays greenhouse gas effect essay Essay greenhouse gas effect essay Essay Greenhouse Gas The greenhouse gas effect is the number one blame for global warming. We could not live without the greenhouse effect. The main gases are ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. These reflected rays, called infrared radiation , keeps the atmosphere warm. They are vital in maintaining the balance in our atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is mostly a result of the sunlights energy and the clouds that absorb and reflect heat. Without the greenhouse effect, earth would be less than 33 degrees Celsius cooler. Human activity increased the percentage of gas, which increased the temperature. Population growth is one of the major causes. With the increase of population, the needs and wants increase. The more demands of the people, the more the industry has to help our needs. As the industry grows, so does the gas used to keep their work going. The uses of electrical appliances are even a contributing factor. Even the humble efrigerator in the house emits gas, gas known as chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) are used in fridges, as well as aerosol cans, foam in packaging, fire extinguisher chemicals, and cleaners. Everything we use effects the air we breathe. Burning of fossils contributes too. Burning of fossil fuels, oils, coal, and gas, releases chemicals into the atmosphere. The most common fossil fuels are used in the industry business. Some of the gases can last longer in the air then others. The gases can increase global warming. : These gases are not natural. The man made cause of the greenhouse effect is deforestation. Due to the lack of trees, photosynthesis cannot take place. With the cutting down of trees the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. The decay of the trees also causes the carbon to increase. We need the greenhouse effect to live in our world successfully. Each factor can make up a balance that we have to survive. There is too much of a good thing though. That is why we need to balance everything out to succeed.

Investigating Cold Cases Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Investigating Cold Cases - Term Paper Example There are a lot of problems which arise while trying to resume a cold case. One is the non availability of bandwidth to continue the investigation on the case. The other problem is the lack of funds to support the investigation. Also, the people following up on a cold case might get transferred or retired, and the successor might not be able to solve the case, either because of loss of interest or lack of experience in solving such cases (Karen M. Hess). Cold cases may prove to be very dangerous at times, where the criminal, if not arrested because of lack of evidence, might keep committing the same crime again and again. This could have results as bad as loss of several lives. It is advisable to have a cold case squad at all times in the organization. This is because the regular police staff might not be able to follow up on the cold cases because of the increasing crime rates. Such squads should have the right proportion of people who can manage and ones who can investigate. In such squads, the essential requirement is to have an anchor at all points of time. An anchor is a person who has the information and context of the case being investigated. So, having one such person in the squad at all points of time ensures that the team is not low on context even when the old people leave the squad and new people join. A cold case squad is either part time of full time depending on the need. Mostly, a lieutenant is hired to manage the squad (John Douglas). He is the interface of the squad to the outer world ( i.e. the community, press, police department, and the law enforcement agencies). The next person as part of the squad is the supervisor. A supervisor is responsible for managing the daily operations of the squad. Other members of the squads are detectives. The detectives can range from the ones who are a part of the squad full time to the ones who deliver only a part of their time to the case. The detectives are responsible for analyzing

Locke on the state Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Locke on the state - Essay Example In order to understand a normative account of government, it is useful to understand the descriptive. By examining theories regarding the human state of nature, it is possible to set forth standards and norms by which people ought to live, including those relating to who should rule. This essay will analyze Locke's account of the origins and purpose of governance, with the aim of understanding how supporting the conflicting ideals of autonomy and authority might be remedied. Locke's state of nature comprises three elements; a state of perfect freedom, a state of equality and a state of natural law, which commands "no-one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions" (9). Accepting these elements is of fundamental importance in understanding the origins and role of government, but there are problems to be overcome. The natural law immediately limits the scope of the first, in that we do not have a perfect freedom to jeopardize another person's safety or invade their property. Secondly, if every person is equal, there is no natural claim to authority, which seems to conflict with the notion of obeying the law as set down by a government. The inclusion of the moral law in Locke's state of nature helps us to understand the motivations behind an argument for setting up a political governing body. We may all be equal on Earth, but the existence of a natural law which states we are duty bound not to harm others implies the existence of an objective morality as created by some other superior being, i.e. God. This theological aspect of Locke's account is important. It means that every individual is at liberty to behave in a way which fits within the parameters of a natural moral duty. Furthermore, as the law is created by a superior being, there must be some reason to accept that the law should be upheld. Although it might seem absurd, in this day and age to accept an appeal to God as a reason to accept an argument, Locke also appeals to an idea of natural reason which is inherent in all of us. Co-operation with the natural law ensures our survival, and so it is unreasonable to think anyone would object to it. Hence, each person is not only equally bound to abide by the natural law, but each person is also equally bound to ensure that others abide by it. "In transgressing the law of nature, the offender declares himself to live by another rule other than that of reason" (Locke 10), and so offers himself up to be punished by those who have not. The equality of every man within a state of n ature also means that each individual who has not broken the natural law has the right to punish the offender. The severity of that punishment should be adequate not only to ensure the perpetrator does not commit the same act again, but also act as a deterrent for other would-be criminals to do something similar. From this reasoning, it is believed that mankind will be preserved and live in a state of relative security. By Locke's own admission, this right to punish, may seem like "a very strange doctrine" (10), but without it, the law of the land would only apply to those who are naturally resident within it. Foreigners who have not consented to domestic legal policy would be free to act under their own standards and so the freedoms and safety of native habitants would be in doubt. It must then be a natural law that governs all mankind, regardless of cultural

Impact Of Higher Level Teaching Assistant Education Essay

Impact Of Higher Level Teaching Assistant Education Essay In 2003, there has been a reform that was signed in order to reform the school workforce. Sets of National Standards were produced in order to reflect the production of Higher Level Teaching Assistants (HLTA). The main purpose of posting HLTAs is to provide a high level of classroom support to help ensure that teachers can focus on their teaching role. A HLTA post-holder will be expected to take on more involved roles in support of teaching and learning and may line manage other support staff (e.g. TAs, LSAs). The precise details of the role will be determined by the school/college. HLTAs work strictly under the direction and guidance of a teacher, within the framework of management and supervision of their school/college. Responsibility for teaching and learning remains with the teacher (and ultimately the head/principal), who will exercise their professional judgment based on what is best for pupils. The distinction between HLTAs and TAs is that HLTAs take on higher level roles than other TAs, including planning their own role within the classroom (in support of the teachers planning) and undertaking some teaching activities within an appropriate system of supervision provided by a teacher. HLTAs may line manage other support staff, including TAs. This paper shall discuss the impact made by HLTAs on teaching and learning. This shall also look into the cost being incurred by posting HLTAs as well as supply rates as opposed to covering of teaching assistants. Impact of HLTA in Teaching Practice The NfER 2007 report Deployment and impact of support staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ cited in the cwd council e-bulletin no.06 August 2007 revealed more than 90% of the senior leaders who responded believe Higher Level Teaching Assistants are having a positive effect within schools and on pupil performance. In some school localities the opportunity to use able TAs in community liaison and fund raising has been a real bonus, bringing very diverse communities closer together. Equally comments such as C. contributes to the School Improvement Plan and represents TAs and chairs TA meetings every two weeks, clearly demonstrates how the role of the TA can be moved forward to the benefit of a whole setting particularly as many settings now have a considerable number of TAs. One setting had twenty three TAs, all of whom need managing and timetabling. She (the HLTA) has a base room and allocates other TAs to specific classes, were the words from one setting. TAs also need to be kept informed of happenings and discussions within settings thus a HLTA representative at meetings has aided the ability to keep TAs informed as they cascade information. It also means that TAs do not all need to attend meetings and yet are all kept informed. This means that numbers at meetings are more manageable and it means TAs who are paid less do not need to give up more unpaid time. There is also the security of knowing that the person covering a class understands and works to the standards but there are difficulties if the HLTA is absent as there are no HLTA supplies currently and so frequently a supply teacher has to be brought in to cover the absent HLTA. In fact there is no insurance to cover the supply when covering for a HLTA. This also raises the issue of pay as the supply would earn more than the TA. There was however one school which had Level two TAs taking classes during PPA time this was questionable as neither wished to undertake HLTA but it is not known if these two had other qualifications that would make this more acceptable. Webb (2010) however argued that while teachers acknowledge the expertise of the assigned HLTAs, as well as the contribution that they are making, most of the teachers believe that their professionalism are being compromised. According to Webbs study, this is because of the HLTAs lack of teaching qualifications. Stewart (2009) shares this same argument. On his study, teachers viewed that the creation of HLTAs is a threat for their professional status. Moreover, a review of Childrens Services Scrutiny Committee was conducted in Oxfordshire County Council with regards to the impact of having support staff in classes. In summary, there have been varied response with regards to the advantages and disadvantages of such. The impact on teachers workload and morale has been positive, though many teachers report that workload continues to increase. Some head teachers, especially, suggest that many teachers have become less flexible. The impact on head teachers workload has been considerable, notably in small schools, especially where they have taken on the responsibility for the details of organization and additional teaching commitments. This has had a negative effect on morale. The impact on support staff has been extremely varied. Some, especially those training to be teachers or HLTAs have greatly welcomed the increased responsibility of leading classes. Of those teaching assistants leading classes without additional training, some enj oy the additional responsibility, but most feel that they do not have the necessary skills, expertise and experience, especially those working with older children. Support staff are often treated with less respect than teachers. Most planning takes account of the medium-term plan, but the responsibility for planning sessions varies widely. Those releasing teachers unwillingly are often concerned about the quality of lessons and sometimes about the health and safety implications. Most support staff have little or no timetabled time to prepare. Much the most common concern, even from those who welcomed the new opportunities, is that any increased levels of pay, by no means universal, in no way matches the additional responsibility. The benefits for teachers workload and morale are perceived to be mainly at the expense of head teachers and support staff who do not wish to lead classes but are doing so. Impact of HLTA in Learning The main benefits for learning are raised standards and support for the students and greater ability to monitor childrens progress. There is also greater continuity and one person questioned said, we are able to deliver sessions more effectively as they (TAs) know the expectations. The TAs also support booster groups, reading, and extends the gifted and talented, and writes reports. According to Walker (2010), there are positive impacts of HLTAs especially those assigned in mathematics and the sciences. According to the students that was interviewed in his case study, the HLTAs made it easier for them to concentrate and stay focused on their tasks; HLTAs also made them feel comfortable, confident and allows them to ask questions; and made the learning experience fun and also HLTAs have helped them to recognize the importance of the subject matter. Moreover, a review of Childrens Services Scrutiny Committee was conducted in Oxfordshire County Council with regards to the impact of having support staff in classes in terms of the students learning and progress. During PPA time, some schools continue with the usual curriculum, especially for children in the Foundation Stage and nursery schools. A changed curriculum is more usual, with PE, Art/Design Technology and a modern foreign language being the most common subjects covered by specialists. Where teaching assistants lead sessions, spelling, handwriting, guided reading and math practice were popular, with other aspects of literacy and numeracy rarely covered. ICT, PSHCE and RE were less frequently mentioned science, history and geography only occasionally. The impact on the quality of the curriculum during PPA time depends very substantially on the quality of the staff leading classes. Where these are specialist teachers or coaches, most schools thought the curriculum was enriche d. Unchallenging lessons result in lessons less well differentiated for those of different abilities. This often leads to poor behavior where staff leading a class were not well qualified and familiar with the children, especially with older children in Key Stage 2. Children who find change difficult were reported as finding a range of adults difficult, but the Review Group believes it is good for children to learn to relate to different adults, as long as this change is not too frequent. The range of the curriculum was usually thought in schools where specialists are used to have been broadened, sometimes in the subjects covered, sometimes in extending provision to a wider age range. The evidence suggests that the quality of teaching and learning has improved in the rest of the week, particularly because of improved planning and assessment. However, time for curriculum coordinators has been reduced. Though many support staff, especially, are concerned about reduced targeted support for children with special educational needs, the evidence on the overall impact on this group is not conclusive. The use of outside specialists runs the risk of reducing opportunities for cross curricular links and, unless the National Curriculum is closely followed, not providing full curriculum coverage and appropriate progression within a subject. Monitoring both at class and at whole-school level of the impact of PPA time on the curriculum has mostly been informal. Impact of HLTA in Engagement The feedback from one setting with regard to engagement was using TAs has engaged the children and given a sense of purpose. Another setting remarked that there was now very good constant contact with all the staff and children, which is clear evidence of good practice. Overall the engagement appeared to be better or what we already do or just reinforced or brilliant as one setting put it. The feedback to Have HLTAs had an impact in the workplace was generally positive, HLTAs have undertaken PPA, they have covered a range of subjects, some of the OFSTED reports have commented on the good work of the TAs and evidence was in raised standards in some subjects. They had enriched practice as a direct result of their personal and varied experience. One head-teacher even went so far as to say that experience has more of an impact than the qualification/ status, but as another head remarked an unqualified set of staff is a mums army. Generally only those HLTAs who could manage the children were given extended roles as no setting wishes to create further problems. The skills and strengths of the TA were always taken into consideration. The tracking of children had been developed in some settings. One setting said they had fewer problems as it is a familiar adult. Overall the engagement of children was very positive but the HLTA had to be competent as the classes need to see them as the teachers equal. Another setting said that children are open minded to any engaging teacher or TA, thus where the HLTA demonstrates this, the outcome is positive. Positives in Achieving HLTA A study conducted by the Derby City Local Authority have results regarding the positive advantages of having TAs in attaining HLTA. This new knowledge in turn makes the person feel more confident which in turn develops their sense of self and thus raises their own and others perception of themselves. The NfER report 2007 cited in the cwdcouncil e-bulletin no.06 August 2007 claimed that 74% of HLTAs said their status had led to increased confidence and over half cited greater job satisfaction. 73% of TAs agreed that they would recommend HLTA to other TAs clearly demonstrating a positive view of the achievement. 75% believed HLTA had opened up new opportunities for them. 92% felt HLTA was the best way forward in terms of professional development. Currently the TAs are not convinced that HLTA has helped them to progress but there is still a slight increase in those who think it has as the following demonstrates. The question did not really apply to those who had not yet achieved HLTA. 31% said HLTA had helped them to progress professionally whilst only 15% said that HLTA had not helped them to progress professionally. Overall those who had achieved HLTA were fairly positive and the results demonstrated that remodeling has had an impact but there is less clarity as to the role HLTA has played in this. 35% felt positive about achieving HLTA whilst only 4% were negative about achieving HLTA. Conclusion There was quite clearly a role in most settings for a HLTA or equivalent and this person usually had effective interpersonal skills, was good at time management and planning, they frequently had an additional skill such as art or music and as one Head teacher put it, they need to prove themselves as all employed people have to. The organisation of a setting often had an impact on the number of HLTAs or equivalents as some settings developed one TAs role whilst others split the extended role between two or more TAs. This could also reflect the number of TAs who are ready and experienced sufficiently for such a role as HLTA. Deployment of HLTAs needs to be more attractive with remuneration but once this is achieved HLTAs can make a significant contribution to the management of other TAs, to scaffolding information and representing TAs at meetings. The TAs are interested in further training with a small per cent age of TAs seeking HLTA or teaching and some TAs still requiring Key Skills. There needs to be a relevant professional development route for aspiring TAs with more recognition of the different routes. The HLTA status training needs to include a direct observation of the potential HLTA working with a large group or class as happens to all NQTs and other adults working with classes. TAs are making a considerable contribution to our schools and this research so far seems to demonstrate their distinct contribution as stated in the TDA (2006:3)HLTA Training pack but they are by their continued professional development also helping to create the World-class workforce for children, young people and families, that is the Childrens Workforce Development Councils vision. However as one TA remarked, I would not be interested in the HLTA as I feel that the work involved is far greater than the recognition and pay. This needs to be addressed if we wish to encourage TAs to embrace the changes further. Yet 75% of TAs would still recommend HLTA to other TAs. Overall, the presented literature show that in terms of HLTAs impact on teaching, there are two opposing views. Some of the teachers view that HLTAs are a threat to their profession. In spite of the contributions that HLTAs are giving, it is believed that their professionalism are being compromised because of the lack of teaching experience of HLTAs. On the other hand, other teachers reported that HLTAs have positive contributions for the improvement of their teachings quality. Many teachers still believe that the support that these HLTAs are giving helped them in reducing their workloads and stress. In terms of learning, HLTAs support has contributed in the improvement of the students understanding of the subject matter. Also, they have helped in the improvement of of the students achievement and opportunities for their personalized learning. Finally, in spite of varying opinions regarding the impact of HLTA, it is very important to note that these higher level teaching assistants are doing their best to aid the teachers. It is recommended that their skills should be monitored and upgraded periodically so that their outputs could be exceptional as well.

Effects of Sexual Abuse on Children Essay -- Psychology

A Brief Study of Sexual Abuse of Children and it's Causes and Effects Sexual abuse of children and infants is sadly as universal and old as the human race itself. But it is only in recent years that much more attention has been paid to the pervasive instance of sexual abuse among children, the majority of which occurs in the family setting. Pedophiles usually manifest signs that are readily identified. Common signs are: repetitive conversations about the sexual activities of children or teens, and excessive masturbation to include breaking from normal daily activities to masturbate. The pedophile has a childhood history of sexual abuse and has unresolved sexual problems stemming from this history. Hobbies centering around the collection of child pornography and sexual arousal when engaging in this hobby is a sign of a sexual perpetrator. Sexual abusers generally have a sense of frustration and anger released through the abuse of children. Pedophiles lack the ability to approach appropriate sexual partners, thus they seek out children to find a sexual release. As can be seen, emotional immaturity is a factor in a pedophile personality. Social inadequacy runs in juxtaposition with emotional immaturity. Additionally pedophiles enjoy the ability of control, and the sense of power they have over their victims. They feel as if they have no control over their own lives and so they take advantage of children in an attempt to achieve that sense of power. Statistics of child sexual abuse are highly controversial due to the fact that reporting and compilation of this information is incomplete and cannot be fully controlled. But from the information that can be gathered it is evident that there is extreme truth that sexual abus... ...re strong indications that environmental factors do play an important role. Children who are raised in an abusive environment, as adults create an abusive situation that their children "environmentally" inherit, and the cycle goes on and on. As is evident, child molestation is a commonly occurring abuse when it needn't be. If parents, siblings, teachers, religious leader, and society as a whole made an attempt to observe the physical and behavioral tendencies in children, abuse can be more readily perceived and therefore eradicated. Society must not blame the victim, but must punish the perpetrators and make an effort to rehabilitate them before allowing them to form an abusive situation yet again. Sexual abuse in children is a widely growing problem which needs our attention. We need to act now before more children are subjected to these unmotivated attacks.